段永平采访-企业案例篇上
# Q123: 你买入持有苹果9年多了?(Have you held Apple for over 9 years?)
段永平:
我是2011年1月19日开始买苹果的,记得大概310/7=44的样子?开始时决定投10%,后来越看越明白,慢慢就几乎都变成苹果了。让我当时决定买苹果时最重要的一点就是,我想明白了,没有乔布斯的苹果依然强大。我发现,库克是个更好的CEO,启用他绝对是乔布斯的最大“发明”,不是之一哈。有了库克,苹果的文化至少可以向前延伸50年。回想起来,我还是非常满意当时这个决定的。我在2019年1月19日这一天又买了苹果,纪念一下8年前的决定。
Duan Yongping:
I started buying Apple on January 19, 2011 (price ~$310/7 = ~$44/share). Initially allocated 10%, but eventually most of my portfolio became Apple. The key was realizing Apple remained strong even without Jobs. Cook is a better CEO — his appointment was Jobs’ greatest legacy. With Cook, Apple’s culture can last another 50 years. In 2019, I bought more shares to mark the 8th anniversary of my initial purchase.
# Q124: 市场普遍认为,乔布斯的能力远高于库克?(Market believes Jobs > Cook. Your view?)
段永平:
如果关注苹果的企业文化,你可能会有不同的结论。其实我在苹果上犯过同样的错误。《基业长青》这套书专门说过乔布斯是个“报时人”,我在2002、2003年第一次看苹果时,当时市值好像只有大约50亿美元,我受这本书的影响,没太认真看,就直接skip(忽略)掉了。2011年初我突然想明白了,乔布斯不光是报时人,他也是个“造钟人”。库克其实就是乔布斯最伟大的发明(发现)之一。库克是个比乔布斯更好的CEO,库克更理性,同时骨子里对乔布斯的追求非常理解。想通这两点后,我就开始下手买了。我曾经跟一个投资界的老前辈说,我认为库克其实是个更好的CEO,老人家说,他也这么认为。
Duan Yongping:
Apple’s culture reveals the truth. I once overlooked Apple (market cap ~$5B in 2002–2003) due to Built to Last’s "clock builder vs. timekeeper" idea. Later realized Jobs was both — Cook was his greatest "invention." Cook is a better CEO: rational, deeply aligned with Jobs’ vision. Once I saw this, I acted. Even veteran investors agreed — Cook’s leadership is underrated.
# Q125: 你也做手机,在你看来,这么多手机公司,苹果凭什么最成功?(Why is Apple the most successful in smartphones?)
段永平:
苹果很难得,focus(聚焦)在自己做的事情上。苹果有利润之上的追求,就是做最好的产品。苹果文化的强度很强,有严格的“Stop Doing List”,一定要满足用户,一定做最好的产品。我们不和苹果比,因为1000个功能里面,有一些比苹果强,说明不了什么。就像CBA篮球打不过NBA,说我们会功夫,不是扯嘛。
Duan Yongping:
Apple’s strength lies in focus and relentless pursuit of product excellence. Their corporate culture has a strict “Stop Doing List” — prioritize user satisfaction and quality. Comparing features or invoking “Kung Fu” against Apple? Nonsense. Like CBA vs. NBA — only those who build great products win long-term.
# Q126: 除了产品聚焦,苹果还有哪些吸引你的地方?(What else attracts you to Apple besides product focus?)
段永平:
我喜欢苹果的理由是:苹果的产品确实把用户体验做到极致了,对手在相当长时间里难以超越甚至接近。苹果的平台建立起来了,或者说生意模式或者说护城河已经形成了(注:2019年App Store收入超过387.5亿美元)。苹果单一产品的模式,实际上是我们这个行业里的最高境界,以前我大概只见到任天堂做到过,sony的游戏产品类似。我从做小霸王就追求品种单一,特别知道单一的好处和难度,这个行业里明白这点并有意识去做的不多,我们现在也根本做不到这一点。比较一下诺基亚,你就马上能明白品种单一的好处和难度了。诺基亚需要用很多品种才能做到消费者导向,而苹果用一个品种就做到了,这里面功夫差很多啊。做产品和市场,往往喜欢很多品种,好处用于不同细分市场,用于上下夹攻对手的品种。坏处搞一大堆库存,品质不好控制。单一品种需要很好的功力——把产品做到极致,难啊。因为难,大部分人喜欢多品种,这就跟投资一样,价值投资简单,但很不容易。做波动,往往很吸引人。
Duan Yongping:
Apple’s appeal:
- User experience perfected — rivals can’t catch up for years.
- Ecosystem/moat solidified (e.g., App Store revenue hit $38.75B in 2019).
- Single-product strategy — industry pinnacle. Only Nintendo and Sony’s gaming division achieved similar focus.
I pursued single-product strategies at Xiaobawang, but few companies truly grasp its power. Nokia relied on diversity; Apple dominated with focus. Complexity creates inventory chaos and quality risks. Simplicity is hard — like value investing, which seems easy but is rarely executed. Volatility tempts many, but focus wins.
# Q127: 巴菲特卖IBM,买入苹果,他看到了什么?(Why did Buffett sell IBM for Apple?)
段永平:
现金流,现在的现金流和未来的现金流。
Duan Yongping:
Cash flows — current and future. Buffett’s move reflects Apple’s superior cash generation potential.
# Q128: 苹果服务高速增长可以持续吗?(Is Apple’s service growth sustainable?)
段永平:
服务的成长是用户总量增加,加上用户单位消费直接增加以及间接增加(流量费)。我认为,以后会继续增加。
Duan Yongping:
Service growth stems from expanding user base, higher per-user spending, and indirect revenue (e.g., data plans). I expect this trend to continue.
# Q129: 苹果企业文化中让你印象深刻的是什么?(What impresses you about Apple’s culture?)
段永平:
所谓企业文化,讲的是什么是对的事情,什么是不对的,以及如何把对的事情做对。苹果的企业文化堪称经典,多看看发布会或许能有所悟。苹果不太做推销式广告,做的基本上是功能性或场景式广告。见效慢,但影响深,长期潜移默化力量很大。
Duan Yongping:
Corporate culture defines right vs. wrong actions and execution. Apple’s culture is exemplary — study their product launches. They avoid aggressive ads, favor functional/scenario-based ones. Short-term impact is slow, but long-term influence is profound.
# Q130: 苹果未来成长性如何?(Will Apple keep growing?)
段永平:
我认为,苹果的产品处在一个巨大且仍有巨大成长的市场里,应该还有很大空间。当然,苹果的上升空间远不如当年的网易,可当年的网易是可遇不可求的,而且现在就算碰上了,对我的帮助也不大。我给很多朋友推荐过苹果,大家都说相信我,但坚持到现在的恐怕不到十分之一。也许只能说明,大部分人对我的信任敌不过对市场的恐惧,哪怕都知道我还拿着苹果。理解苹果确实不容易,我似乎从来就没让不明白的人真正明白过。我建议把库克说过的东西都拿出来看一下,包括每次发布会都认真看一下,哪怕不是为了投资苹果,至少也可以看到一家好公司应该是啥样子。
Duan Yongping:
Apple operates in a massive, still-growing market. Its potential is smaller than NetEase’s in 2001, but NetEase’s 100x growth was rare. I’ve recommended Apple to many — less than 10% held through. Fear trumps trust for most. Understanding Apple requires cultural alignment — not just technical analysis. Study Tim Cook’s speeches and product launches to grasp what a great company looks like.
# Q131: 苹果市值过万亿了,还值得投资吗?(Is Apple still a good investment at $1T+ market cap?)
段永平:
我认为长期来讲,苹果未来赚的钱只会比现在多。目前的苹果,市值扣掉净现金后,大约8000亿左右,年利润500亿左右。如果你认为苹果未来20年以上的年利润只多不少,而你又没别的办法赚到6%以上的年利润,那你就可以买苹果了。但如果你有大把机会长期赚到10%以上,就不该投苹果。这也是为什么说投资基于机会成本。
Duan Yongping:
Long-term, Apple will earn more than now. After subtracting net cash (~$200B in 2019), its market cap was ~$800B with annual profit ~$50B. If you believe Apple can sustain +6% returns and lack better alternatives, invest. If you have opportunities yielding >10%, avoid Apple. Investment is opportunity cost — Buffett’s mantra.
# Q132: 苹果股价下跌怎么办?(What if Apple’s stock drops?)
段永平:
大概没多少人比我更高兴看到苹果股价掉下来了,因为这样苹果的回购价更低,回购数量更多,未来我们持有的比例自然上升。最关键的是,苹果未来的净现金流是否还会这么厉害?我个人理解,苹果的好日子还远远没到头。现在一年净利润已近$600亿,未来$800亿或$1000亿都是可能的,只要10年内到$1000亿,目前价格就很便宜!我说10年,一般指不会超过10年。个人认为,苹果三年赚$2000亿的日子不太远了。
Duan Yongping:
Fewer people than me would welcome Apple’s price drop — lower buybacks mean higher future ownership. The key is sustained cash flow. Apple’s $60B annual profit could hit $80B–$100B. If reached in 10 years (or sooner!), current prices are cheap. I believe Apple will hit $200B/year profit in 3 years.
# Q133: 遇到系统性风险会卖苹果吗?(Sell Apple during systemic risk?)
段永平:
好公司便宜的时候应该尽量多买点,岂有卖掉之理?好公司不需要卖!找个好股票不容易,卖股票和持股成本无关,要理性思考。
Duan Yongping:
Buy more when great companies are cheap — selling makes no sense. Good stocks are rare; selling should never tie to cost basis. Act rationally, not emotionally.
# Q134: 5G对苹果手机的影响?(Impact of 5G on Apple?)
段永平:
苹果产品寿命长,换机频率低,5G会提升换机率,是智能手机行业发展的台阶。
Duan Yongping:
Apple’s devices last longer, reducing upgrade frequency. 5G will boost replacement cycles — a step forward for smartphone industry.
# Q135: 怎么看未来科技趋势?(Your view on tech trends?)
段永平:
我不太关心前沿的东西,我一般比较滞后,看懂了再投。前沿是苹果这类公司的事,我做的是找到它们。
Duan Yongping:
I avoid chasing trends — focus on understood companies. Tech frontiers are Apple’s domain. My job? Find them.
# Q136: 巴菲特喜欢不变的公司,你喜欢变还是不变?(Buffett likes “unchanging” companies. Your preference?)
段永平:
老巴确实厉害,他看明白了苹果,而且下手很重!估计是被现金流吸引的。老巴其实一直花时间研究新公司,他对苹果、谷歌、亚马逊的了解超乎想象。他说的“变化”指产品,苹果属变化公司,茅台属不变公司。我喜欢苹果,也喜欢茅台,因为他们的生意模式都很好。但苹果行业变化快,虽然我认为它处于有利位置,仍需警惕可能颠覆其地位的变化。看好行业困难,正如不能说看好互联网行业,因为多数企业会死。
Duan Yongping:
Buffett’s genius is heavy Apple bets — drawn by cash flow. He studies tech deeply. By “change,” Buffett refers to product evolution. Apple adapts; Maotai stays. I love both for their models. Apple’s industry is fast-moving — even if dominant, risks exist. Picking industries is tough — most businesses die, even in booming sectors.
# Q137: 什么情况下会卖出苹果?(When would you sell Apple?)
段永平:
如果苹果开始为了生意而不是用户体验,就该离开。
Duan Yongping:
If Apple prioritizes profits over user experience, exit. Otherwise? Never.
# Q138: 你重仓茅台的原因?(Why Kweichow Moutai?)
段永平:
A股我们主要是持有茅台。我买时非常坚定,虽从未见过茅台团队。茅台的生意模式很好。酒行业毛利高但新品牌少,朋友只喝茅台,其他白酒都不碰。社会发展让经济条件好的人变多,茅台成长是大概率。另外,茅台文化不错,否则走不到今天。不是每个白酒公司都能像茅台赚钱,也不是每个“互联网公司”都能赚大钱。
Duan Yongping:
In China, I focus on Moutai. Bought with confidence, despite no contact with management. Moutai’s business model is excellent — high margins, no new brands for decades. Friends drink nothing but Moutai. As China’s wealth grows, demand will rise. Strong culture keeps Moutai’s moat — weak culture erodes moats. Not all liquor companies are Moutai, just like not all internet companies are Apple.
# Q139: 白酒行业为何偏爱大公司?(Why prefer big liquor companies?)
段永平:
大公司公开资料多,历史长。我曾关注老白干,但觉得用茅台换老白干不合适。这是个“大公司易懂,小公司难”的典型例子。大公司业务一定复杂吗?乔布斯笑了!苹果简单,茅台也简单。小公司业务简单吗?贾布斯也笑了。
Duan Yongping:
Big companies have more data and longer histories. I once looked at Laobaigan, but swapping Moutai felt wrong. Big companies can be simple (Apple/Moutai), small ones aren’t necessarily. Steve Jobs would laugh at this question.
# Q140: 很多人看好茅台,但长期重仓的不多。(Few investors hold Moutai long-term. Why?)
段永平:
A股里我从若干年前就基本只拿茅台。脑子里总想着10年后会怎样,所以容易拿得住,回报也不错。不在乎别人短期赚多少,只看自己的机会成本。
Duan Yongping:
I’ve held Moutai for years. Long-term thinking (“What will Moutai look like in 10 years?”) makes holding easy. Ignore others’ short-term gains — focus on personal opportunity cost.
# Q141: 现在买茅台好吗?(Is Moutai still a good buy?)
段永平:
比较好的意思是跟你自己的机会成本比。只有你自己才知道,现在是不是比较好。个人观点:现在买入,过10年大概率比存银行好。
Duan Yongping:
Good is relative — compare to your best alternative. My view: Buying Moutai now beats bank interest over 10 years.
# Q142: 怎么看茅台估值?(Moutai’s valuation?)
段永平:
我不太懂估值,买时考虑负面因素后仍觉便宜。满仓好公司,别轻易因“贵一点”卖出。比如,有人问:“茅台700多你还不卖?”这些人300多就卖了,后悔至今。我只思考:这笔钱投10年后的结果。用10年眼光看,上周或季度的股价波动不算什么。
Duan Yongping:
Valuation? I focus on downside risks. If still cheap after stress-testing negatives, buy. Hold great companies — don’t sell for minor price moves. Many regret selling Moutai at $300, then watched it soar. Think 10 years ahead — weekly/monthly volatility matters little.
# Q143: 茅台酒价会否重演断崖下跌?(Could Moutai face a price crash like 2012?)
段永平:
价格炒高的内在原因是真实需求,股东无需担心。就算短期下跌,也会回升。万一重演,翻到这页,想想内在原因,再加仓。茅台还是茅台,10年后人们会说:“当年那个价格真不贵。”
Duan Yongping:
Price surges reflect real demand. Even if temporary dips occur, they recover. If a crash repeats, see it as opportunity — buy more. Moutai’s 10-year outlook remains strong.
# Q144: 10年后的茅台什么样?(Moutai in 10 years?)
段永平:
其实无法预知,但更短的时间(如塑化剂危机)也应保持冷静。有很多公司10年内大概率出问题,比如乐视。茅台,10年后应该还在卖酒,利润大概率更高。你需要想什么?
Duan Yongping:
No one knows the future, but short-term crises (e.g., plasticizer scandal) shouldn’t cloud long-term judgment. Many companies fail in 10 years (e.g., LeTV). Moutai will still sell liquor, likely with higher profits. What else do you need?
# Q145: 把茅台和苹果相比,如何?(How to compare Kweichow Moutai and Apple?)
段永平:
茅台的生意模式不错,但对赚到的钱的处理方式不尽如人意,苹果在这方面则是完美的。从这两年两个公司出现回购机会时,两家公司完全不同的表现,就可以看出这点。茅台甚至有些滑稽的地方是,分红居然还因为股价掉了而下降了。苹果对分红和回购的策略的阐述是非常清晰的,作为股东基本可预期,而茅台则会受到非股东因素影响。
Duan Yongping:
Moutai’s business model is solid, but its capital allocation (e.g., dividends) is suboptimal. Apple excels here — dividend and buyback policies are clear and shareholder-focused. Moutai’s dividend cuts during price drops are absurd. Apple’s decisions align with shareholders; Moutai’s often reflect non-shareholder influences.
# Q146: 茅台有产能上限,苹果没有,如何看这种差异?(Moutai has capacity limits; Apple doesn’t. Your thoughts?)
段永平:
两个都是好的投资标的,一个可以用人民币买,一个可以用美金买。他们的伟大和产能有没有上限没有太多关系。
Duan Yongping:
Both are great investments — one in RMB, one in USD. Their greatness isn’t tied to production limits.
# Q147: 怎么看网络渠道卖1499元飞天?(What do you think about Moutai’s online 1,499 RMB Feitian pricing?)
段永平:
降低了风险,提高了收入。降低了风险的意思是每个人买两瓶,比某个人买了很多好。提高了收入的意思是直接卖给零售商比给代理商的价格要好,而且名正言顺,同时还减低了腐败机会。
Duan Yongping:
It reduces risk and boosts revenue. Limiting purchases to 2 bottles per person avoids hoarding. Selling directly to retailers at official prices (vs. through agents) increases income and cuts corruption risks.
# Q148: 茅台换董事长,企业文化会变吗?(Will Moutai’s culture change with new leadership?)
段永平:
我个人觉得,茅台的产品文化已经定型了,那么多人盯着,不会有人敢改变的。茅台就是那个53度飞天,谁改谁下台哈。国营企业的优势在茅台上发挥得淋漓尽致,民营企业可能反而会因为个人的因素而有所变化。
Duan Yongping:
Moutai’s product culture is set — 53° Feitian is untouchable. State-owned advantages shine here; private companies may shift with leadership changes.
# Q149: 如何评价茅台的金融布局?(Moutai’s financial expansion?)
段永平:
增加股东风险的有效办法,希望只是有限的很小的风险。
Duan Yongping:
A surefire way to raise shareholder risk — hope it stays minor.
# Q150: 茅台品牌何时会坏掉?(When would Moutai lose its brand power?)
段永平:
多推一些便宜的非53度酒,包括茅台啤酒和红酒,甚至茅台米酒啥的,以及茅台矿泉水、茅台酒店、茅台手机、茅台空调,加快推出的速度,五年出厂的规矩也不要了,假酒也不管……十年后,茅台的地位就应该彻底不一样了。
Duan Yongping:
If they flood the market with non-53° products (e.g., beer, wine, mineral water), abandon aging rules, and ignore counterfeits — in 10 years, Moutai’s dominance will fade.
# Q151: 如果给茅台经营层提建议?(Advice to Moutai’s management?)
段永平:
茅台应该学学法国红酒的做法,让每一瓶酒都成为年份酒——每一瓶酒上都写明出厂年份。现在的年份在酒瓶上实在是不起眼。红酒是特别个性化的产品,受原材料的影响,无法保持产品的高度一致性。好红酒上来的时候,喜欢喝红酒的人往往会先喝红酒。不过,好的红酒实在太贵(单位酒精量的单价),远不如茅台来的实惠。茅台的质量文化不错,这也是茅台能走到今天的原因,季克良功不可没。
Duan Yongping:
Moutai should follow French wine — label every bottle with production year. Wine’s quality varies by vintage; Moutai’s consistency is a strength. Ji Kelian’s quality-first culture built Moutai’s legacy — far more cost-efficient than premium wines.